Ap psychology exam 2023 - Aug 18, 2023 · Format of the 2024 AP Psychology Exam. This year, all AP exams will cover all units and essay types. The 2024 exam format will be: Section 1: Multiple Choice. You will have 70 minutes to answer 100 questions. This section counts as 66.7% of your total exam score. Section II: Free Response. You will have 50 minutes to answer two FRQs.

 
On most AP exams, a 50% will likely result in an AP score of 3. However, scoring a 50% on some of the harder AP exams such as AP Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism will earn you a 4. Similarly, scoring a 50% on some of the easier exams such as AP Psychology, may result in an AP score of 2.. Atstaff

Created by Edward Titchener. Breaks the conscious experience down into its most basic components. The "big picture" and how components of the conscious came together to work together and create thought and conscious. Focused on people's motivation to fulfill their potential and their future rather than their past.The AP Psychology exam has two parts: a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. You will have two hours to complete the whole test. The multiple-choice portion of the exam contains 100 five-choice (A to E) questions. You will have 70 minutes to complete this section. Read more.The exam covers subject matter that is typically taught in a college-level introductory psychology course. Some content areas of psychology have more test questions dedicated to it than others: Scientific Foundations of Psychology: 10–14%. Biological Bases of Behavior: 8–10%. Sensation and Perception: 6–8%. Learning: 7–9%.Format of the 2024 AP Psychology Exam. This year, all AP exams will cover all units and essay types. The 2024 exam format will be: Section 1: Multiple Choice. You will have 70 minutes to answer 100 questions. This section counts as 66.7% of your total exam score. Section II: Free Response. You will have 50 minutes to answer two …1 point. Identify the implied dependent variable for the study if the study had been a true experiment. Response must indicate that the number of cars sold would be the dependent variable. Acceptable explanations include: The DV would be the number of cars bought by customers. The DV is cars sold.This is the free-response section of the 2012 AP exam. It includes cover material and other administrative instructions to help familiarize students with the mechanics of the exam. (Note that future exams may differ in look from the following content.) AP® Psychology Exam. SECTION II: Free Response.AP PSYCHOLOGY 2023-2024. This syllabus represents an overview for a full year, college-level, course that will assist the students in preparing for the AP® Psychology exam and for more advanced work in college. Students will learn about the ever-changing field of psychology through: in-depth study, class discussions, video clips & assigned videos,The expected deadline for the 2023-2024 AP exams is around the first week of November 2023. Students should be aware that each testing center follows its own specific guidelines for registration and payment. It’s essential to register before this deadline to avoid late fees. 2 students, out of ~162,000 worldwide, earned all 80 points possible on this year’s AP Physics 1 exam. We’ll notify them and their schools this fall once all late exams have been scored. The 2023 AP Exam Score Distributions displayed by exam as tweeted by Trevor Packer, the head of Advanced Placement Program. the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores …Apr 9, 2020 · The 2024 AP® Psychology exam will cover topics from across all 9 units. Use the following links to Albert’s AP® Psychology course to see if you truly understand each of the units! Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology. Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior. Unit 3: Sensation and Perception. The AP Psychology exam measures students' knowledge of the 14 key topics and fields of study in psychology and tests their ability to define, compare, and apply concepts and research findings. Questions are based on key terminology, scientific methodology, and theories associated with each subfield. Free-response questions may require students ... This is the free-response section of the 2012 AP exam. It includes cover material and other administrative instructions to help familiarize students with the mechanics of the exam. (Note that future exams may differ in look from the following content.) AP® Psychology Exam. SECTION II: Free Response. AP Psychology Score Calculator. Last Updated: April 21, 2023. With the upcoming AP exam schedule right around the corner, it’s worth your while to determine …3 Questions | 45 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. One of the 3 free-response questions will include an experimental or lab-based component. Questions will assess all 7 of the science practices: visual representations, question and method, representing data and phenomena, data analysis, theoretical relationships, mathematical routines, and ...AP Psychology 2022 Free-Response Questions: Set 2 Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP Psychology Exam Keywords: Psychology; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice; Set 2 Created Date: 7/28/2021 3:51:48 PM2024 AP Exam Dates. The 2024 AP Exams will be administered in schools over two weeks in May: May 6–10 and May 13–17. AP coordinators are responsible for notifying students when and where to report for the exams. Early testing or testing at times other than those published by College Board is not permitted under any circumstances.Be aware that changes are expected for the 2023-24 school year, but we’ll let you know when those go into effect! Still, it's important to be aware that the AP Psychology test also changed slightly in 2019-2020 (mostly in terms of course units and how the free-response section is scored).2021 AP Exam Dates. The 2021 exam schedule offered three testing dates (Administrations 1, 2, and 3) for each subject between early May and mid-June. In Administration 1, all exams were paper and pencil*, administered in school. In Administration 2, half of the subjects were paper and pencil*, administered in school, and … the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Egocentrism (Piaget), Object Permanence (Piaget), Closure and more. 1 frq was abt a childs first day of school it had the terms: egocentrism, change blindness, lack of homeostasis, prospective memory, symp NS, responsibility, observational learning. 2nd frq was a research design question abt ice cream or smth idk but it included indep variable, mean, highest range, sampling bias, top down processing, nasal ...Section 1: Multiple Choice. Let's jump into the multiple-choice section! You'll find 100 questions waiting for you, and you have a total of 70 minutes to tackle them. …Professional Learning. AP Psychology Revisions for 2024-25. We’re revising the AP Psychology course and exam for the 2024-25 school year. Learn More. Exam Overview. Exam questions assess the course concepts and skills outlined in the course … We’ve updated the AP U.S. History document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain unchanged. AP Art and Design students: May 10, 2024 (8 p.m. ET), is the deadline to submit your 3 portfolio components as final in the AP Digital Portfolio. AP African American Studies For the 2024 AP Exam administration, only schools that are participating in the 2023-24 AP African American Studies Exam Pilot can order and administer the exam.The AP Microeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections. Starting with the 2023 exam, a four …In psychology, heuristics are thinking strategies that guide decisions and judgments that are made quickly. These quick judgments are fueled by learned and readily available inform... The 2023 AP Exams will be administered in schools as paper-and-pencil* exams over two weeks in May: May 1–5 and May 8–12. *As usual, AP Chinese and AP Japanese Exams are administered on computers. Art and Design: Friday, May 5, 2023 (8 p.m. ET), is the deadline for AP Art and Design digital portfolios to be submitted to the AP Program. 2022 AP Score Distributions. See how students performed on each AP Exam for the exams administered in 2022. PDF. 4.42 KB. 2023 AP score distribution tables show the percentages of 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, and 5s for each AP subject for all AP students.Section II: Free Response. 4 Questions | 1 Hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. All free-response questions assess Computational Thinking Practice 3: Code Implementation, with the following focus: Question 1: Methods and Control Structures—Students will be asked to write program code to create objects of a class …AP Exam (except AP Seminar and AP Research) taken outside the U.S.*. $128. AP Seminar or AP Research Exam taken anywhere. $146. Late order fee. Exams ordered between November 16 and March 15 for full-year or first-semester courses incur a late order fee in addition to the exam fee. This fee doesn’t apply to exams for courses that start …2021 AP Exam Dates. The 2021 exam schedule offered three testing dates (Administrations 1, 2, and 3) for each subject between early May and mid-June. In Administration 1, all exams were paper and pencil*, administered in school. In Administration 2, half of the subjects were paper and pencil*, administered in school, and half were …Allyson Wesely, Ed.D. Allyson has been teaching AP Psychology and runs a Behavioral Science Research Program at Roslyn High School in Roslyn Heights, NY for 20+ years Her students have a 100% passing rate on the AP exam; well over 80% earning 5’s. She has served as a Reader and Table Leader for the AP Psychology exam and has led several ...The one area that can’t be perfectly accurate is how we determined the final predicted scores (College Board doesn’t publish the “cut points” for each scores.) We used old released exams and other calculators to estimate “if you earned this % of points, you would earn this score”: 0-29% = 1. 30-44% = 2. 45-59% = 3.Hippocrates. which 4 body fluids did Hippocrates believe were associated with 4 tempraments. blood (sanguine, or optimism), phlegm (phlegmatic, or calm), yellow bile (choleric, or irritable), and black bile (sadness) which scholars from 470-399 BC and the other one from 437-347 BC believed in introspection/thinking about our thoughts and …Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Plan. 1 What You Need to Know About the AP Psychology Exam. 2 How to Plan Your Time. STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness. 3 Take a Diagnostic Exam. STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success. 4 How to Approach Each Question Type. STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High. 5 Scientific …Scoring Distributions from the 2023 AP Exam Administration Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement Keywords: Scoring Distributions from the 2023 AP Exam Administration; scoring information; scoring resources; exam information; exam resources; teacher resources; non-ADA Created Date: 10/5/2023 1:13:20 PMAP Exams are developed and scored by college faculty and experienced AP teachers. Most four-year colleges and universities in the United States grant credit, advanced placement, or both on the basis of successful AP Exam scores—more than 3,300 institutions worldwide annually receive AP scores. AP Course DevelopmentAP Psychology Exam was a total mess. I have studied for 2 weeks straight because the contents are not that hard to remember. However, none of the questions pertains to the materials I learned in class. It was more advanced based instead of the basic level. I was unhappy, especially for the frqs.The expected deadline for the 2023-2024 AP exams is around the first week of November 2023. Students should be aware that each testing center follows its own specific guidelines for registration and payment. It’s essential to register before this deadline to avoid late fees.May 6, 2024 · AP Art and Design students: May 10, 2024 (8 p.m. ET), is the deadline to submit your 3 portfolio components as final in the AP Digital Portfolio. AP African American Studies For the 2024 AP Exam administration, only schools that are participating in the 2023-24 AP African American Studies Exam Pilot can order and administer the exam. Physics 1: Algebra-Based. Latin. Physics 2: Algebra-Based. The only exception to the AP Exam calendar is Alaska, where exams may start an hour earlier than everywhere else—beginning between 7 am and 8 am and 11 am and 12 pm local time. The AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Exam in Alaska must begin between 1 and 2 pm.Final Deadline: Submit AP Exam Orders. This is the final deadline to submit paper or digital exam orders for full-year and first-semester AP courses, and exam-only sections. Exam orders submitted after this date will incur an additional $40 per exam late-order fee, with some exceptions.AP Psychology Exam was a total mess. I have studied for 2 weeks straight because the contents are not that hard to remember. However, none of the questions pertains to the materials I learned in class. It was more advanced based instead of the basic level. I was unhappy, especially for the frqs.The AP Psychology exam for 2024 will be held on Thursday, May 9 2024 12:00 pm local time. The 2024 AP Exams will be held over two weeks in May: May 6–10 and May 13–17. For the most recent information on exam dates and registration deadlines, students can check with their institution or the College Board website.The AP Psych exam is 2 hours long and has two sections: a multiple-choice section and a a free-response section. Multiple-Choice Questions. The AP Psychology multiple-choice …Acceptable explanations include: Jordan feels so awkward her first few days because she thinks everyone is staring at her. Jordan believes that other students are noticing her, even when they are not. 1 point. Unacceptable explanations include: Jordan enjoys being in the spotlight and getting everyone’s attention.Click on a subject name below for a printable PDF of that subject’s exam instructions. Note: There is one set of instructions for AP Calculus AB and BC; AP French, German, Italian, and Spanish Language and Culture; AP Macroeconomics and Microeconomics; AP Physics 1 and 2; AP European History, United States History, and World History: Modern.14.) Social Psychology. The AP Psychology Exam format is: Multiple-Choice Section: Two-thirds of exam grade.-100 questions (70 minutes) Free-Response Section: One-third of exam grade.-2 questions (50 minutes) When is the AP Psychology Exam? The exam date for the 2022–2023 school year is Tuesday, May 2, 2023 at 12 noon. This test is offered ...AP® Psychology 2023 Scoring Commentary. Question 1. Note: Student samples are quoted verbatim and may contain spelling and grammatical errors. Overview. Responses …Apr 13, 2012 ... AP Psych Exam: An Overview. 6.1K views · 12 ... AP Psychology Unit 8 Clinical Psychology ... 2023 Last Minute Crash Review: AP Biology Exam CRAM ...AP Psychology Practice Exams. AP Psychology Practice Exams Free Response Notes Flashcards Study Guides. We have links to all of the best online AP Psychology practice exams. There are plenty of challenging tests to choose from, with hundreds of free practice questions. Pick an option from the list below to start your test prep right now!Terms in this set (953) Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like behavior, mental process (cognition), Hippocrates and more.An FPO/APO address is an official address used to send mail to a person stationed overseas while serving in the United States military. FPO stands for Fleet Post Office. APO stands...Professional Learning. AP Psychology Revisions for 2024-25. We’re revising the AP Psychology course and exam for the 2024-25 school year. Learn More. Exam Overview. Exam questions assess the course concepts and skills outlined in the course …AP Teachers’ #1 Choice! Ready to succeed in your AP course and ace your exam? Our 5 Steps to a 5 guides explain the tough stuff, offer tons of practice and explanations, and help you make the most efficient use of your study time. 5 Steps to a 5: AP Psychology is more than a review guide, it’s a system that has helped thousands of …AP Biology Course and Exam Description. This is the core document for this course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and the AP Program in general. The CED was updated in the summer of 2020 to include scoring guidelines for the example questions. PDF.Let's break it down with some AP Psychology exam tips for prep: 1. Get the lingo down: Knowing the key terms for the AP Psychology exam is a game-changer. Find fun ways to remember those important names and contributions, and make sure you grasp how different theories and concepts connect with each other. 2.College football is not just a game, but a multi-billion dollar industry that captivates fans across the nation. One of the most influential factors in determining a team’s success...Institution. AP PSYCHOLOGY. AP PSYCHOLOGY exam practice Question and answers rated A+ 2023 You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wundt's theory of structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing her or his ar...The AP Psychology Exam Dates across all the years since 2011 STUDENTS ... 2023: May 2 - Tue - PM: May 17 - Wed - AM: 2022: May 3 - Tue - PM: May 17 - Tue - PM: 2021: ... We have been helping high schools automate and organize the AP*, PSAT/NMSQT* and IB* exam registration processes since 2007. Our services allow students to register for their ...Participants rate how likely they are to buy the game on a scale of. 1 (not likely) through 10 (very likely). Results are presented in the table. Participants’ Rating Observed Game Personally Played Game p value Demonstration (n = 50) (n = 50) Mean 6.31 2.04 <0.001. Standard Deviation 1.25 0.80.AP Psychology: Course and Exam Description. AP Psychology: Course and Exam Description. Drag up for fullscreen. MM.3 Questions | 1 Hour 10 Minutes | 40% of Exam Score. There are 3 free-response questions.: Question 1: Design an investigation presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied by either a model/visual representation or quantitative data. Question 2: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a …Let's break it down with some AP Psychology exam tips for prep: 1. Get the lingo down: Knowing the key terms for the AP Psychology exam is a game-changer. Find fun ways to remember those important names and contributions, and make sure you grasp how different theories and concepts connect with each other. 2.The AP Psychology Exam Dates across all the years since 2011 STUDENTS ... 2023: May 2 - Tue - PM: May 17 - Wed - AM: 2022: May 3 - Tue - PM: May 17 - Tue - PM: 2021: ... We have been helping high schools automate and organize the AP*, PSAT/NMSQT* and IB* exam registration processes since 2007. Our services allow students to register for their ...Ap Psychology Exam 2023 5 Steps to a 5: AP Psychology 2023 Elite Student Edition Laura Lincoln Maitland 2022-08-01 AP Teachers’ #1 Choice! Ready to succeed in your AP course and ace your exam? Our 5 Steps to a 5 guides explain the tough stuff, offer tons of practice and explanations, and help you make the mostStarting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.We’ve updated the AP U.S. History document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain unchanged.The exam covers subject matter that is typically taught in a college-level introductory psychology course. Some content areas of psychology have more test questions dedicated to it than others: Scientific Foundations of Psychology: 10–14%. Biological Bases of Behavior: 8–10%. Sensation and Perception: 6–8%. Learning: 7–9%.Let's break it down with some AP Psychology exam tips for prep: 1. Get the lingo down: Knowing the key terms for the AP Psychology exam is a game-changer. Find fun ways to remember those important names and contributions, and make sure you grasp how different theories and concepts connect with each other. 2.skills that can appear on an AP Exam. The AP Test Development Committees are responsible for developing each AP Exam, ensuring the exam questions are aligned to the course framework. The AP Exam development process is a multiyear endeavor; all AP Exams undergo extensive review, revision, piloting, and analysis to ensure that questions are Participants rate how likely they are to buy the game on a scale of. 1 (not likely) through 10 (very likely). Results are presented in the table. Participants’ Rating Observed Game Personally Played Game p value Demonstration (n = 50) (n = 50) Mean 6.31 2.04 <0.001. Standard Deviation 1.25 0.80. AP Psychology Practice Exams. AP Psychology Practice Exams Free Response Notes Flashcards Study Guides. We have links to all of the best online AP Psychology practice exams. There are plenty of challenging tests to choose from, with hundreds of free practice questions. Pick an option from the list below to start your test prep right now! Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! A$AP Rocky awaits his verdict. The American rapper, whose real name is Rakim Meyers, was detained and charged with assau...A school of psychology, founded by William James, that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. Structuralism (Titchener) An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.Compared to other AP® exams, AP® Psychology is considered one of the easier exams to pass in the AP® catalog for the reasons described below. In 2023, the AP® Psychology exam had a passing rate of 59.6%, with a mean score of 2.89. Historically, the AP® Psychology exam has had a relatively high passing rate compared to all other AP® exams.AP Psychology - Test Prep Resources. This thread will provide a list of valuable resources (both free & paid) that will help you in getting a 5 on your AP Psych test. If there are resources not listed here that you think should, please do share in the comments and I will update the list as needed.

AP Psychology Practice Exams. AP Psychology Practice Exams Free Response Notes Flashcards Study Guides. We have links to all of the best online AP Psychology practice exams. There are plenty of challenging tests to choose from, with hundreds of free practice questions. Pick an option from the list below to start your test prep right now! . Inmate search srj

ap psychology exam 2023

If you're preparing for the civil service exam, this page can help you gain insight into how the test works and how you can succeed. Written by Evan Thompson Contributing Writer Le...AP Score Scale Table. This table shows the recommendation that each AP score offers about how qualified you are to receive college credit and placement if you earn that score. It also shows the equivalent college course grade for each score. Learn more about the value of an AP Exam score of 1 or 2. This table shows the recommendation that each ...skills that can appear on an AP Exam. The AP Test Development Committees are responsible for developing each AP Exam, ensuring the exam questions are aligned to the course framework. The AP Exam development process is a multiyear endeavor; all AP Exams undergo extensive review, revision, piloting, and analysis to ensure that questions areLate-Testing Schedule : Morning 8 a.m. Local Time. Afternoon 12 p.m. Local Time. Tuesday, May 17, 2022. Environmental Science. Psychology. Wednesday, May 18, 2022AP Seminar end-of-course exams are only available to students taking AP Seminar at a school participating in the AP Capstone Diploma Program. • May 1, 2023 (11:59 p.m. ET) is the deadline for: • AP Seminar and AP Research students to submit performance tasks as final and their presentations to be scored by their AP Seminar or AP Research ...The 2023 AP Exams will be administered in schools as paper-and-pencil* exams over two weeks in May: May 1–5 and May 8–12. *As usual, AP Chinese and AP Japanese Exams are administered on computers. Art and Design: Friday, May 5, 2023 (8 p.m. ET), is the deadline for AP Art and Design digital portfolios to be submitted to the AP Program.An FPO/APO address is an official address used to send mail to a person stationed overseas while serving in the United States military. FPO stands for Fleet Post Office. APO stands...Scoring Distributions from the 2023 AP Exam Administration Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement Keywords: Scoring Distributions from the 2023 AP Exam Administration; scoring information; scoring resources; exam information; exam resources; teacher resources; non-ADA Created Date: 10/5/2023 1:13:20 PMthe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Egocentrism (Piaget), Object Permanence (Piaget), Closure and more.In today’s fast-paced business world, companies are constantly searching for ways to streamline processes and improve efficiency. One area that often requires significant attention...AP Exams are developed and scored by college faculty and experienced AP teachers. Most four-year colleges and universities in the United States grant credit, advanced placement, or both on the basis of successful AP Exam scores—more than 3,300 institutions worldwide annually receive AP scores. AP Course DevelopmentAP Biology Course and Exam Description. This is the core document for this course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and the AP Program in general. The CED was updated in the summer of 2020 to include scoring guidelines for the example questions. PDF.Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.Pros: Tons of full length practice tests in multiple formats. Cons: Some readers find the content too densely packed. Best For: Supplemental study aid for the duration of the course and leading up to the exam. Our Rating: 5 / 5 Our top pick for best AP Psychology review book is Barron’s AP Psychology. It contains a wealth of …AP Psychology Student Samples from the 2023 Exam Administration. Question 1: Concept Application. 7 points. General Considerations. Answers must be cogent enough for the meaning to come through. Spelling and grammatical mistakes do not reduce a score, but spelling must be close enough so that the reader is convinced of the word.AP Psychology: Course and Exam Description. AP Psychology: Course and Exam Description. Topic pages. Sample instructional activities. Unit at a glance. Unit opener. Course at a glance. Introduction. SUBMIT ALL. volume. Closed captions. Press the spacebar to toggle captions on and off. pause. replay.Register for AP Exams. You’ll need to join your class section online in order to register for the exam. Your school’s AP coordinator will order your exam materials and collect all fees. The deadline to register for exams is in the fall, but specific deadlines may vary by school—be sure to check with your teacher or AP coordinator. AP Seminar end-of-course exams are only available to students taking AP Seminar at a school participating in the AP Capstone Diploma Program. • May 1, 2023 (11:59 p.m. ET) is the deadline for: • AP Seminar and AP Research students to submit performance tasks as final and their presentations to be scored by their AP Seminar or AP Research ... .

Popular Topics